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Prepositions of time (rules with examples): for, ago, since

Prepositions of time in English (for, ago, since)


 

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Feel free to leave a comment if you find any errors or if you have any suggestions to make to improve this lesson.




1. FOR

For is used to tell how long an action has been going on. For may be followed by a duration like 20 minutes, 2 hours, two weeks, three years, three days, six months, a long time…

  • I have lived in Paris for three years.

For employed with the present perfect (have been… + v-ing) in front of a time word indicates a length of time (the action is not over as we speak):

  • I have lived in Japan for 3 years.
  • He has been working for two hours.
  • I have been waiting at the train station for 20 minutes.

Employed with the preterite, for means that the action is finished:

  • He worked in New York for six years.
  • She worked in Italy for one year.
  • This book kept me busy for a few days.

Be careful ! No need to use for with ‘all day‘, ‘all the time‘ or ‘all night‘:     I was there for all day.

During or For ?

During does not indicate a duration: during is used to locate something in a specific period, and answers the question “when? (when?). During is usually followed by a name (New Years’ Eve, Christmas, the holidays, the night…).

  • He went to Tokyo during the holidays.
  • He went to Tokyo for three weeks.

You don’t say : He went to Tokyo during three weeks.

During is not followed by duration (10 minutes, one month…), unless you put it just before the first or the last:

  • During the first months of the year, I lost 10 kilos.
  • I haven’t been to school during the last week.

2. AGO 

We use the adverb Ago to say how much time has passed as we speak since an event occurred. It is often at the end of the sentence, and always preceded by a verb in the preterite (or simple past tense).

  • I arrived in Tokyo two years ago.
  • She went to China six years ago.
  • It happened a very long time ago.
  • He started French classes not very long ago.
  • How long ago did she start cooking classes?

Ago or before ?

Before is used with the perfect past to count how long ago an event occurred from a specific point in the past:

  • We had received their invitation for the wedding three days before.

≠

  • We received their invitation for the wedding three days ago.

Do not confuse Ago with There is/ There are

  • It happened two days ago ≠ It happened there is two days.

3. SINCE 

Since is used to indicate when an event started (with a starting point). It is used with the present perfect or the past perfect:

  • We’ve been friends since high school.
  • I haven’t seen her since Monday.
  • l’ve lived in Paris since 2005.
  • I’ve been learning Spanish since the beginning of the year.

Since maybe an adverb. We can also say since then, which has the same meaning as since:

  • I broke up with Julia in May and I haven’t contacted her since then.

Ever reinforces the meaning of since, in the sense of’continuously’:

  • He’s been depressed ever since he got divorced.
  • We’ve been friends ever since we met in Italy.

Since can also be a synonym of ‘because’:

  • Since she is tired, she should stay at home.
  • Since you ask, I’ll tell you what happened.
  • Tom couldn’t visit Sam since she wasn’t at home.

4. AGO, FOR or SINCE ?

Here are some examples to remember to understand the difference between ago, since and for:

  • I lived in Korea 3 years ago.
  • I’ve lived in Korea for 3 years.
  • I have been living in Korea since 2010.

 

©Englishfornoobs.com

How to use ing verbs ?

How to use ing verbs ?

 

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In this lesson about the -ing form in English we will see its formation and use (ex: playing, living, washing…)

What is the purpose of -ing in English?

The English -ing is used for the English gerund and for the present participle. That’s why the gerund and the present participle are called “-ing form”. However, there are differences between the two. -Ing is mainly used to talk about activities.

1. Used as the subject of a sentence:

  • Flying makes me nervous.
  • Eating fast food is bad for your health.

2. Used as a complement:

  • He likes playing soccer.
  • I love watching anime.
  • I enjoy reading books.

3. Used as an adjective:

  • it’s disgusting
  • this TV program is interesting
  • it’s discouraging
  • she is boring
  • my job is tiring
  • running water

4. Used as a name:

  • a wedding
  • a painting

5. For activities:

  • swimming
  • surfing
  • fishing
  • skate-boarding
  • traveling
  • reading

6. We can use it withwith while or by :

  • I listened music while going to the supermarket
  • He reads a book while watching TV
  • You should find it by using internet

7. Used after a preposition:

  • I’m interested in teaching french to foreigners.
  • He’s good at playing video games.

8. With the progressive form of a verb :

  • present progressif → I am watching TV
  • present perfect progressive → I have been watching TV
  • past progressive → I was watching TV
  • past perfect progressive → I had been watching TV
  • futur progressive → I will be watching TV
  • futur perfect progressive → I will have been watching TV

9. After some phrasal verbs:

  • I look forward to hearing from you soon. (at the end of a letter)
  • He wants to give up smoking.

10. In compound names:

  • bird-watching
  • a swimming pool
  • a developing country
  • shaving cream
  • good looking
  • a washing machine
  • a driving lesson
  • a frying pan
  • a sleeping bag

11. After some expressions :

can’t stand, can’t help, don’t mind, it’s no use/good, be + worth:

  • He couldn’t help falling in love with her.
  • I can’t stand being late for the movie.
  • I don’t mind waiting for her.
  • It’s no use/good lying to her.
  • It might be worth visiting the park at night.

or expressions that end with a preposition:

  • There’s no point in driving to the party, the road is jammed.
  • In spite of missing the plane, she arrived on time.
  • what about having dinner now ?

12. After No… to express the prohibition:

You may have already seen those signs:

  • No smoking
  • No parking
  • No skateboarding
  • No littering

How the verb & ing is formed in English

The -ing can be added to the verbal base:

  • be → being
  • do → doing
  • want → wanting
  • ski → skiing
  • call → calling
  • read → reading
  • say → saying

Verbs that end in a silent -e- lose it if you add a -ing:

  • love → loving
  • come → coming
  • make → making
  • dance → dancing
  • dive → diving
  • have → having
  • move → moving

If the verb ends in -ie, it must be replaced by -ying:

  • die → dying
  • tie → tying
  • lie → lying

If the verb ends in consonant – vowel – consonant, and is fully accented or at the end, the end consonant must be doubled and -ing added:

  • begin → beginning
  • stop → stopping
  • sit → sitting
  • get → getting
  • plan → planning
  • run → running

If the accent is not on the end, simply add -ing:

  • happen → happening
  • listen → listening
  • open → opening
  • visit → visiting

If the verb ends in w, x or -y, we simply add -ing:

  • play → playing
  • snow → snowing
  • fix → fixing
  • spy → spying
  • spray → spraying

Beware of verbs ending in -c (there are not many of them):

  • panic → panicking
  • mimic → mimicking

 

©Englishfornoobs.com

The Past Participle in English (complete lesson with examples)

The Past Participle in English

 

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In this lesson about the past participle in English we will see its formation and utilisation (ex: been, liked, played…)

What is the past participle?

Past participle indicates a past and finished action or moment.

How to make the past participle in English:

1. Regular verbs:

For regular English verbs, the past participle is formed by simply adding an’ed’ to the verbal base, or a’d’ if the verb ends in the letter ‘e’. This is why the past participle is also called “the ED form of verbs”.

  • live → lived
  • seem → seemed
  • enjoy → enjoyed
  • pour → poured
  • hope → hoped
  • like → liked
  • jump → jumped
  • play → played
  • paint → painted
  • enter → entered

With a one-syllable verb, you must double the end consonant and add “ed”:

  • chat → chatted
  • chop → chopped
  • stop → stopped

Unless it ends in a -w, -x or -y:

  • sew → sewed
  • play → played
  • fix → fixed

If the last syllable of a long verb is accented and ends with a consonant, it must be doubled:

  • incur → incurred
  • prefer → preferred
  • travel → travelled

Be careful, when the verb ends with a consonant followed by a -y, you have to replace it by a -ied:

  • try → tried
  • marry → married
  • fry → fried
  • reply → replied

Finally, it is necessary to remember certain regular verbs that end in a way specific to the past participle:

  • panic → panicked (c becomes -ck)
  • free → freed
  • dye → dyed

2. Irregular verbs:

For irregular verbs in the past participle: there is no real rule and you have to learn them by heart. A few examples:

  • know → known
  • arise → arisen
  • catch → caught
  • choose → chosen

It’s sometimes possible that the irregular verb is identical to the verbal basis and the preterite (= simple past), for example:

  • cut (base form) → cut (preterite) → cut (past participle)
  • hit (base form) → hit (preterite) → hit (past participle)

Or it is the same as the preterit:

  • pay (base form) → paid (preterite) → paid (past participle)
  • bind (base form) → bound (preterite) → bound (past participle)

When to use the past participle in English?

1. To form the passive voice in English:

  • His room was well cleaned.
  • My flight has been delayed because of the storm.
  • He was injured in a car accident.
  • This school was opened in 1993.

2. Past participle used as an adjective:

Past participles can be used as an adjective in front of a noun:

  • I am bored.
  • She feels tired today.
  • It’s a stolen car.
  • She was interested in the movie.
  • Tom Cruise is a well-known actor.
  • This house is abandoned.
  • His toy is broken.

3. To form different verbal forms (past participle is in bold):

  • Present perfect: I have learnt
  • Present perfect progressif: I have been breaking
  • Past perfect: I had learnt English
  • Past perfect progressif: I hab been learning
  • Futur perfect: I will have learnt
  • Futur perfect progressif: I will have been learning

 

©Englishfornoobs.com

List of prepositions pdf

List of prepositions

 

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Feel free to leave a comment if you find any errors or if you have any suggestions to make to improve this lesson.




Here is the most commonly used preposition list in English, grouped in a table with many examples. It’s up to you to memorize them!

Time prepositions

Preposition Use Example
on
  • days of the week
  • on Tuesday
in
  • month / seasons
  • time of the day
  • year
  • after a certain period of time (when?)
  • in June / in summer
  • in the evening
  • in 2007
  • in an hour
at
  • for the night
  • for the week end
  • at a certain point in time (when?)
  • at night
  • at the weekend
  • at half past ten
since
  • from a certain point in time (from the past to the present)
  • since 1990
for
  • for a certain period of time (past to present)
  • for 4 years
ago
  • at some point in the past
  • 3 years ago
before
  • before a certain date
  • before 2011
to
  • tell the time
  • ten to five (4:50)
past
  • tell the time
  • ten past seven (7:10)
to / till / until
  • mark the beginning and end of a time period
  • from Monday to/till Friday
till / until
  • up to a certain point in time (duration)
  • He is on holiday until thursday.
by
  • at the latest
  • up to a certain point
  • I will be back by 4 o’clock.
  • By 10 o’clock, I had read six pages.

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Location prepositions (position and direction)

Preposition Use Example
in
  • room, building, street, city, city, country
  • book, paper etc….
  • car, taxi
  • in a photo, in the world
  • in the kitchen, in Paris
  • in the book
  • in the car, in a taxi
  • in the picture, in the world
at
  • next to an object
  • at the table
  • to an event
  • a place to do something specific (cinema, study, work)
  • at the door, at the station
  • at the table
  • at a concert, at the party
  • at the cinema, at school, at work
on
  • attached
  • a place with a river
  • placed on a surface
  • for a certain side (right or left)
  • one floor
  • in public transport
  • on TV, radio….
  • the picture on the wall
  • London lies on the Thames.
  • on the table
  • on the left
  • on the first floor
  • on the bus, on a plane
  • on TV, on the radio
by, next to, beside
  • to the left or right of someone or something
  • Tom is standing by/ next to /beside the car.
under
  • on the ground, lower (or covered) by something else
  • the bag is under the table
below
  • underwater
  • the dolphins are below the surface
over
  • covered by something
  • more than….
  • go to the other side (= across)
  • overcome an obstacle
  • put a jacket over your shirt
  • over 18 years of age
  • walk over the bridge
  • climb over the wall
above
  • higher than anything else but not directly on it
  • a path above the lake
across
  • go to the other side (= over)
  • go to the opposite side
  • walk across the bridge
  • swim across the lake
through
  • something limited, surrounded on all sides
  • drive through the tunnel
to
  • movements to a specific place
  • travel to a city, country
  • go to bed
  • go to the cinema
  • go to London / Thailand
  • go to bed
into
  • enter a room/building
  • go into the kitchen / the house
towards
  • movement towards something (but not directly towards it)
  • go 6 steps towards the house
onto
  • movement at the top of something
  • jump onto the table
from
  • that comes from somewhere
  • a flower from the garden

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Other important prepositions

Preposition Use Example
from
  • who gave it to him/her
  • a present from Tina
of
  • who/what it belongs to
  • what it shows
  • a page of the book
  • the picture of a castle
by
  • who did it
  • a book by Shakespeare
on
  • walking or riding a horse
  • enter public transport
  • on foot, on horseback
  • get on the bus
in
  • getting into a car/taxi
  • get in the car
off
  • getting off a plane/bus/train etc.
  • get off the train
out of
  • getting out of a car/taxi
  • get out of the taxi
by
  • decrease or increase
  • travel (other than on foot/horse)
  • prices have risen by 15 percent
  • by car, by bus, by plane
at
  • at what age
  • she learned Japanese at 45
about
  • for subjects
  • we were talking about you

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©Englishfornoobs.com

What are demonstrative pronouns? (this, that, those…)

Demonstrative pronouns in English (lesson with examples)

 

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WHAT ARE THE DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS IN ENGLISH?

A demonstrative pronoun is used to replace a particular thing (singular or plural), which has already been mentioned before, or which can be designated by the context.

  • this / that 
  • these / those 

these is the plural of this, those is the plural of that:

  • this dog / these dogs
  • that cat / those cats

There is no gender difference:

  • this boy and this girl
  • those men and those women

USES

This, that, these and those can be used as determinants or pronouns:

  • Take this pen
  • Take this.
  • Give me that book.
  • Give me that.

What is the difference between THIS and THAT?

We choose between this and that to show the degree of distance from the person speaking. As a general rule, this/these marks proximity to the enunciator, that/those marks distance:

THE DISTANCE IN SPACE

THIS or THESE is used to talk about a person, thing or place that is close to the person speaking:

  • This is my brother
  • These are my shoes.
  • Is this your pen?

THAT or THOSE is used to talk about a person, thing or place that is further away from the person speaking:

  • I can see that from here.
  • That man over there is my boss.
  • Those men are detectives.

DISTANCE IN TIME

THIS refers to the future or the present, THAT to the past (to talk about something that is not present):

  • On that day, she was really tired, but she’s feeling better this week.
  • That movie we watched last night was awesome.

EMOTIONAL DISTANCE

  • That dog is dangerous!
  • I hate this tee-shirt, but I love those shoes!

OTHER USES

1 – THIS can be used to announce something, and THAT to refer to the past:

  • This is what she told me: “You can do it!”
  • “You can do it!”: that‘s what she told me.

2 – To avoid a repetition: we can forward this/that by one, and these/those by ones :

  • Which photo do you prefer? This one or that one? 
  • Which fruits can you eat ? These ones or those ones?

3 – To compare:

  • I don’t like those trousers. These are a bit better.
  • This tee-shirt is nice; that one is ugly.

4 – This, these, that, that, those can be pronouns and replace a name or a sentence:

  • I think this is awesome!  (This replace something we know.)

5 – To contact us by phone:

  • Hello, this is Jane speaking. Who is this?

6 – This and these can refer to situations that are happening:

  • Listen to this song. (NOT: Listen to that song.)

7 – That and those can refer to experiences that have just ended:

  • Who said that?
  • Who did that?

8 – We use THAT in expressions like that’s it and that’s that

  • That’s it, I’m going home.
  • I broke up with Claire, and that’s that.

9 – Other uses:

  • The best movie of the festival was that made by Spielberg.
  • We are organizing a trip to London. Those interested should speak with Sam.

 

©Englishfornoobs.com

English grammar basics: The prepositions (with examples)

English grammar basics: The prepositions (with examples)

 

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Feel free to leave a comment if you find any errors or if you have any suggestions to make to improve this lesson.




In English, a preposition is a short word that shows the relationship of a noun/pronoun with another word in the sentence. They are always found in prepositional sentences and are usually located before the name or pronoun.

A preposition is used to give a spatial or temporal indication, a position or a logical link between two things:

Examples:

  • I’m going to the office.
  • He’s at the bar.
  • My pen is on the table.
  • We meet in an hour.
  • I saw a beautiful movie painting by Spielberg.
  • I’m from Canada.
  • The letter is under your book.
  • She will be back in a few days.
  • I’m leaving on friday.
  • The book belongs to me.
  • The bear was killed by the hunter.
  • Tina is the girl in the blue dress.
  • The cat is near the window.

Here are some common prepositions in English:

above, about, across, against, along, among, around, at, before, behind, below, beneath, beside, between, beyond, by, down, during, except, for, from, in, inside, into, like, near, of, off, on, since, to, toward, through, under, underneath, until, up, upon, with, within….

Prepositions are always used after specific nouns, adjectives and verbs and can change their meaning:

Examples:

Nouns + preposition:

  • concern for
  • interest in
  • love of
  • success in

Adjective + preposition:

  • afraid of
  • happy about
  • jealous of
  • made of
  • familiar with

Verb + preposition

  • give up
  • talk about
  • find out
  • grow up
  • belong to

A combination of verb+preposition is called a “verbal phrasal”. The word that is attached to the verb is then called a particle. The phrasal verbs are very important to know because with different prepositions (or particles) you can then form many different words: look up, look out, look down…

⚠️ When prepositions are not necessary:

Sometimes, we may think that we should use a preposition in a sentence when it is not necessary:

  • Where is your house at ?
  • Where did they go to ?
  • She wouldn’t let the dog inside of / in the house. 
  • He threw the TV out of the window.

⚠️ Avoid repeating prepositions:

When two words or sentences are used in parallel and require the same preposition, it is not necessary to use it twice in a row to avoid repeating it:

  • You can wear that dress in summer and in winter.
  • Tina is making a chocolate cake with whipped cream and with strawberries.

 

©Englishfornoobs.com

Relative pronouns (rules & examples)

Relative pronouns rules

 

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We use a relative pronoun in English to describe a name or give us more information about it. This description is called a relative proposal, and therefore begins with a relative pronoun. This description comes after the name.

  • The woman who phoned me last night is my girlfriend. (Noun: ‘The woman’. Relative pronoun: ‘who’. Relative proposition: ‘phoned me last night‘)
  • The man who fixed your computer is waiting outside. (Noun: ‘the man‘. Relative pronoun: ‘who‘. Relative proposition: ‘fixed your computer’)
  • I saw the cat which ate the food. (Noun: ‘the cat‘. Relative pronoun: ‘Which‘.)
  • Paul, who owns a video game store, is waiting for you. (Noun: Paul. The relative proposal gives us more information about him: ‘owns a video game store‘)

There are five relative pronouns in English:

  1. who
  2. whom
  3. whose
  4. which
  5. that

Who (subject) and whom (object) → generally used for people.
Whose → for possession.
Which → for things.
That → used for both things and people.

Use of relative pronouns:

After a name, to specify what thing or person we are talking about:

  • The house that Sam built is big.
  • The woman who discovered radium is a scientist.
  • The thirty-year-old man who attempted to rob a bank was arrested. 

To give more information about a thing or a person:

  • My dad, who worked in a restaurant, has always been a great cook.
  • Tina, who is 25, has just started a new job.
  • We had pizza, which is my favourite meal.

Be careful, we don’t use ‘that’ as a subject in this kind of sentence. WHOSE is used as the possessive form of WHO:

  • This is Paul, whose sister went to university with me.

We sometimes use whom as the object of the verb or proposal:

  • This is Kevin, whom you met at the party last year.
  • This is Paul’s sister, with whom I went to university.

But nowadays, we use more who instead of whom:

  • This is Kevin, who you met at the party last year.
  • This is Paul’s sister, who I went to university with.

When whom and which have a preposition (from, with…), it can be at the beginning of the relative proposal:

  • I have an aunt in England, from who(m) I inherited a bit of money.
  • We bought a washing machine, with which we washed all the laundry.

… or at the end of the proposal:

  • I have an aunt in England who(m) I inherited a bit of money from.
  • We bought a washing machine, which we washed all the laundry with.

That can also be used at the beginning of the proposal:

  • I had an uncle in England that I inherited a bit of money from.
  • We bought a washing machine that we washed all the laundry with.

©Englishfornoobs.com

Possessive pronouns (complete lesson with examples)

Possessive pronouns in English (with examples)

 

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Feel free to leave a comment if you find any errors or if you have any suggestions to make to improve this lesson.




The possessive pronoun is used to replace a noun that is preceded by a possessive adjective (my, your sound…) :

List of English possessive pronouns :

⚠️ Be careful not to confuse possessive pronouns with complementary personal pronouns or possessive adjectives (my, your, his…)!

  • mine
  • your / yours
  • his / hers / its
  • our / ours
  • your / yours
  • their / theirs

Possessive pronouns are used after a name to avoid repeating it:

  • Is that Tom’s car ?  No, it’s my car. → No, it’s mine. / No, this car is mine.
  • Whose chair is this? Is it your chair ? → Is it yours ? / Is that chair yours ?
  • Her coat is black, my coat is brown. → Her coat is black, mine is brown.
  • My hair is blond. Hers are black.
  • The kids are eating their sandwiches.
  • The sandwiches are theirs.

⚠️ We use its (and not it’s) for animals and things. ‘It’s’ is the contraction of ‘it is’. ‘Its’ is the possessive pronoun.

  • The dog is showing its teeth.
  • The horse has something on its back.

⚠️ A common error in English: people put apostrophes with possessive pronouns. It’s wrong!

  •  it’s, her’s, our’s, their’s, your’s  ❌
  •  its, hers, ours, theirs, yours  âś…

⚠️ Possessive pronouns can be used in English after ‘of’:

You can say:

  • Nathan is one of my friend OR Nathan is a friend of mine.

You can’t say:

  • Nathan is a friend of me.

You can say:

  • I am one of Karen’s friends OR I am a friend of Karen’s.

You can’t say:

  • I am a friend of Karen.

©Englishfornoobs.com

 

How to use English Modal Verbs

How to use English Modal Verbs

 

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MODALS IN ENGLISH

What is a modal verb?

English modal verbs are special verbs that are very different from normal verbs. These are auxiliary verbs, which means that they are directly followed by another verb, without’to’.

They are used to express points of view, such as to ask for permission (with ‘can’ or ‘could’), to express a future or present possibility (with ‘may’ or ‘might’), or a necessity or obligation (‘must’)….

Here are four things to know absolutely about English modals:

1 – Modal verbs do not take “-s” in the third person

  • He can speak Spanish.
  • She should be here by 10:00.

2 – It is necessary to use ‘not’ with English modal verbs to make the negative form, even in the simple present tense or in the simple past tense.

  • He should not be late.
  • They might not come to the party.

3 – Many English modal verbs cannot be used in the past or future tense.

  • He will can go with us. = ❌
  • She musted study very hard. = ❌

4 – To make a question with a modal, it must be reversed with the main verb

  • She can go → Can she go?
  • You should drive. → Should you drive?

Some common English modal verbs:

  • Can
  • Could
  • May
  • Might
  • Must
  • Ought to (rarely used)
  • Shall (rarely used, rather in England)
  • Should
  • Will
  • Would

Some expressions that are not modal verbs are used as such: “had better”, “have to”, and “have got to”.

These expressions are very close to modal verbs in their meaning and can often be interchanged with them.




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Possessive Adjectives (complete lesson with examples)

Possessive Adjectives in English

 

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Feel free to leave a comment if you find any errors or if you have any suggestions to make to improve this lesson.




Possessive adjectives are used in English to refer to the ownership or possession of something. When we use them to talk about a person, it is more in the sense of a relationship with that person.

English possessive adjectives :

  • my
  • your
  • his / her / its (not it’s!)
  • our
  • your
  • their

Examples:

  • My bike is very old.
  • His girlfriend is very friendly.
  • Our cat is black.
  • Their homework is on the desk.

Like all adjectives in English, they are always placed directly in front of the noun to which they refer (possessive adjective + noun).

⚠️ We do not put an S to the possessive adjective when the noun is plural!

  • Our bikes are expensive.
  • Ours bikes are expensive.

However, the verb used must be plural if the noun is plural, and singular if the verb is singular.

  • My pen is blue. (sing)
  • My pens are blue. (plur)
  • Our child is smart. (sing)
  • Our children are smart. (plur)

⚠️ Its or It’s ?

Be careful not to confuse it’s and its

  • Its = the possessive adjective of it for things or animals. Do not use an apostrophe.
  • It’s = the contraction of ‘it is’ or ‘it has’

Ex: I’m taking my cat to the vet. Its leg is broken. 

⚠️ Their, They’re or There ?

Be careful not to confuse the two! Same as for its / it’s

  • Their = the possessive adjective of They
  • They’re = the contraction of ‘they are’
  • There = adverb

⚠️ Be careful not to confuse possessive pronouns with complementary personal pronouns or possessive adjectives!

  • This is your (possessive adjective) book and this is mine (possessive pronoun).

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